ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: Acrylamide (ACR) is a cytotoxic and carcinogenic material. It is a product of a Maillard reaction during the cooking of many types of fried fast food, e.g. potato chip fries, and chicken nuggets. ACR has a severe toxic effect on different body organs. This study investigates the hepatotoxic effect of ACR, and the protective effect of ascorbic acid and silymarin. For this purpose, forty adult, male, albino rats were divided into four groups and received the following treatments for fourteen days: Group I: (the control) normal saline; Group II: ACR only; Group III: ACR and ascorbic acid; and Group IV: ACR and silymarin. Under a light microscope, the liver from rats treated with ACR only presented disturbed liver architecture, degenerated hepatocytes, reduced glycogen contents, congested central vein, and increased collagen fibres with areas of fibrosis. Immunohistochemical examination revealed an increased mean number of CD68-, and α-SMA-positive cells. This indicates the presence of large numbers of stellate macrophages (Kupffer cells) and Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The combination of ACR with either ascorbic acid or silymarin resulted in less hepatic degeneration, less fibrosis and fewer CD68 and α-SMA positive cells compared to the ACR only group. In conclusion, treatment with silymarin or ascorbic acid along with ACR appears to alleviate ACR-induced hepatotoxicity with more protection in silymarin treated rats.
RESUMEN: La acrilamida (ACR) es un material citotóxico y cancerígeno. Es producto de la reacción de Maillard durante la cocción de muchos tipos de comida rápida y frita, por ejemplo: papas fritas y nuggets de pollo. ACR tiene un efecto tóxico severo en diferentes órganos del cuerpo. Este estudio investigó el efecto hepatotóxico del ACR y el efecto protector del ácido ascórbico y la silimarina. Con este fin, cuarenta ratas albinas machos adultas se dividieron en cuatro grupos y recibieron los siguientes tratamientos durante catorce días: Grupo I (control), solución salina normal; Grupo II, solo ACR; Grupo III, ACR y ácido ascórbico; y Grupo IV, ACR y silimarina. Bajo microscopio óptico, el hígado de ratas tratadas con ACR solo presentó alteración de su arquitectura, entre ellos hepatocitos degenerados, contenido reducido de glucógeno, vena central congestionada y aumento de fibras de colágeno con áreas de fibrosis. El examen inmunohistoquímico reveló un aumento del número medio de células CD68 y α-SMA positivas. Esto indica la presencia de un gran número de macrófagos estrellados (células de Kupffer) y células estrelladas hepáticas (HSC). La combinación de ACR con ácido ascórbico o silimarina resultó en menos degeneración hepática, menos fibrosis y menos células positivas para CD68 y α-SMA en comparación con el grupo de ACR solo. En conclusión, el tratamiento con silimarina o ácido ascórbico junto con ACR parece aliviar la hepatotoxicidad inducida por ACR.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Ascorbic Acid/pharmacology , Silymarin/pharmacology , Acrylamide/toxicity , Liver/drug effects , Immunohistochemistry , Antigens, CD/analysis , Actins/analysis , Hepatocytes , Hepatic Stellate Cells , Liver/metabolism , Liver/pathologyABSTRACT
Macrotyloma uniflorum [Lam.] Verdc. [Papilionaceae] is commonly known as Horse gram and Kulthi. The seeds are reported as anthelmintic, diaphoretic, diuretic and emmenagogue. It is also useful in asthma, bronchitis and urolithiasis. In the present study, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects of the methanol extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum seeds were evaluated in doses of 200 and 400mg/kg. Significant results were obtained in all activities
ABSTRACT
Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic activities of the methanol extract of two varieties of Cicer arietinum viz black or Desi and white or Kabuli were tested in the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. For analgesic effect of the extracts, acetic acid induced writhing, tail immersion and hot plate tests were employed in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was carried out by carrageenan induced inflammation in rats, whereas the diuretic action was determined using metabolic cages for rats. Animals were divided into six groups [n=7]: [1] Control [2] Standard [3] MECAB 200 [4] MECAB 400 [5] MECAW 200 [6] MECAW 400. All extracts and standard drugs were administered orally. Acute oral toxicity of the extracts was also checked in mice up to 2000mg/kg dose, which showed a favorable safety. Significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were observed. The results of diuretic activity were significant at 12th and 24 th hrs. Therefore, it is concluded that the methanol extracts of the seeds of Cicer arietinum have analgesic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic potential
ABSTRACT
Macrotyloma uniflorum commonly known as horse gram or kulthi bean is grown as a pulse for livestock and human consumption. The beans contain about 1.3% fat, 18% protein, 15% carbohydrate along with vitamins and minerals. In traditional medicine it is used as antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, antihypertensive and diuretic. Other important medicinal uses include treatment of renal stones, obesity, piles, oedema and fever. The present study evaluated analgesic [by acetic acid induced writhing, hot plate and tail flick tests in mice] and anti-inflammatory [carrageenan induced paw edema in rats] activities of Macrotyloma uniflorum fixed oil [MUFO]. Four groups were included in study: Group-I: Normal Saline Control [2ml/kg], Group-II: MUFO [2ml/kg], Group-III: MUFO [4ml/kg], and Group-IV: Standard Acetyl salicylic acid [ASA 300mg/kg]. All results were significant however delayed onset of action was observed in tail flick and paw edema tests. Acute oral toxicity of the oil was also checked in mice and was found safe up to 4ml/kg dose, as no signs of toxicity and mortality were observed. It is concluded that Macrotyloma uniflorum fixed oil may possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity which can be related with a peripheral mechanism of action
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Phycochemical and pharmacological studies were carried out on Ulva fasciata Delile. The ash content was found as 20.4812 % dry weight, moisture content 14.5514 %, total fat content as 0.1878% and 0.49341 %. Total carbohydrate was found as 54.5301-54.2246% dry weight, phenolic content as 0.022%, flavonoids found to be 0.0313% and tannins were 0.00003 %. Ulva fasicata showed central analgesic activity and significant anti-inflammatory activity at the dose of 400 mg/kg bw
ABSTRACT
Monosodium urate monohydrate crystals are deposited in peripheral joints causing gout and elicit an intense localized inflammatory attack whereas in collecting ducts and medullary interstitium as a urinary calculi which causes dysuria, nausea and hematuria. The purpose of present study is to observe possible growth patterns of monosodium urate monohydrate crystals. The crystals were grown in test tubes by single diffusion gel technique and were observed at 7[th], 14[th], 21[st], 28[th] and 40[th] day. Needle and spherulite type crystals were observed at 14[th] day, while arboresque, crystal sheaves, densely branched, dumbbell, mushroom type spherulites, plumose and hexagonal prismatic crystals were observed for the first time. After 40[th] day complete spherulites were observed with their aggregates. The crystals were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-ray and Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopies. The pattern of MSUM will be helpful to determine the role of different natural products in the modulation, inhibition or promotion of these crystals by affecting the shape, size, transparency, approximate number and total mass of growing crystals. In case of inhibition or modulation it will be helpful for evaluation the prophylactic management whereas the promotion of the crystal will give an idea about the risk factors of gout and kidney stones
Subject(s)
In Vitro Techniques , Immunodiffusion , Arthritis, Gouty , Urolithiasis , GelsABSTRACT
About 12% of world population is affected by different forms of urolithiasis in which the recurrence rate in female is 47-60% and in male is 70-80%. According to WHO 75% people rely on traditional medicines for the prevention and cure of different ailments. Similarly, the majority of the world population use a number of plants to treat problems related to the urinary tract system in which urolithiasis is the major cause. The aim of the review is to collect the data of the plants used in different parts and cultures of the world against urolithiasis with their parts, mode of preparation, dosage and administration. A literature review was conducted for traditionally used antiurolithiatic plants. The articles mentioning plant, parts, mode of preparation, dose and route of administration were selected. This information was extracted to compose Mono and Poly herbal antiurolithiatic formulations used in Appalachia [region in Eastern United States], Canada, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Latin America, Pakistan, Turkey and Yemen. The review provides an important data about plants used as antiurolithiatic in different parts of the world. The information not only useful for common people, but also for the scientific community to carry out further phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies for the discovery of new, effective and safer molecules against urolithiasis
ABSTRACT
A Cross sectional study conducted in Cardiology Unit, Hayatabad Medical Complex from August 2011 to February 2012. In a total of 250 patients with non ST elevation MI were enrolled in study. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio [NLR] was determined. Those with high NLR were followed over two week period to detect in hospital mortality; Atrial Fibrillation and ST segment Deviation. Association of cellular response with the incidence of post-MI mortality/complications was assessed by multiple logistic regression analyses. There were 250 patients comprising of 154 [61.60%] males and 96 [38.40%] females. The overall mean age was 51.57 +/- 12.5 years. The frequency of high neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was present in 78 [31.20%] patients. The In hospital mortality and atrial fibrillation rate was in 10.26% and 11.54% cases respectively while ST segment deviation was in 57.69% patients. Patients with Non ST Segment elevation Myocardial Infarction with high Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, is a good predictor of In hospital mortality, atrial fibrillation and ST segment deviation. Thus a single CBC analysis may help to identify Non- STEMI patients at risk for mortality and complications.
ABSTRACT
Emesis encompasses the forceful expulsion of the contents of stomach via the mouth or sometimes the nose
The adverse effects of currently available anti-emetic agents potentiate the natural product researchers to explore the natural anti-emetics with fewer side effects
The presented communication constitutes a review on anti-emetic effect of two hundred and forty five plants belonging to seventy-eight families found in different parts of the world
It also outlined the anti-emetic effect of plant extracts and isolated secondary metabolites studied through a variety of animal models of emesis
The reported anti-emetic plants in different countries and cultures and the scientific studies on extracts may help in the identification of promising single chemical compound[s] that may be used as a potential leads for developing safe anti-emetic agents in future. Moreover the reported secondary metabolites having the same effect may open the door for the search of same secondary metabolites from other natural sources
This review will provide useful information for the discovery of natural anti-emetic compounds and fill the gaps in knowledge
ABSTRACT
The present study intends to evaluate the current trends of acute poisoning reporting at private medical center of Rural Sindh. Descriptive/Retrospective study. This study was carried out at Murk General Hospital Tando Adam from January through December 2012. Sixty patients with a history of poisoning were studied. The diagnosis of poisoning was based on history of patients as disclosed by relatives, clinical findings, investigations and response to treatment. The age, sex, social class, cause and types of poison were noted. The data was collected on a proforma. The variables were typed on SPSS version 21 for analysis. The mean age of subjects was 33 +/- 7.5 years. The most affected age group was 20-29.9 years [n=43] [71.6%]. Of sixty subjects, 23[38.3%] were male and 27 [61.6%] female. [p=0.001]. Of sixty subjects, 75% [n=45] are farmers belonging to lower social class of rural population, suffering from organophosphate pesticide poisoning [48.3%]. Comparing rural to urban population, it shows rural population is suffering more; 88.3% [n=53] vs. 11.6% [n=7]. The frequency of organophosphate poisoning is found high 48.3% [n=29] in patients coming from rural areas usually farmers. The accidental organophosphate poisoning is found most frequent in rural population. The alcohol is the second most frequent cause of acute poisoning found in 18.3% of cases. Incidence of accidental poisoning is found very high from organophosphate pesticides. Sale of drugs, Diazepam and Alprazolam, must be prohibited without proper prescription. It is recommended that measures may be taken to make aware the farmers for using the organophosphate pesticides properly
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This study was carried out to determine the pattern of snake bite in a rural area of Sindh Pakistan over a 07-year period. A Descriptive Study Place and Duration of Study: A total record of 5737 snake bite cases attending rural health centre Ranipur District Khairpur between 2000 and 2007 were analysed retrospectively. Patients and Method: A retrospective review of record of snake bite patients was carried out who had attended the health care centre first time for further management. Patients with history of previous visit for treatment were excluded from the study. Out of 5737 victims 44.18% were children less than 15 years and 22% were more than 35 years. Most of the patients [87.22%] were hospitalized after 24 hours of the snake bite. Majority of them [91.99%] came with the history of single bite. Of the 5337 envenomed by poisonous snakes, 56.99% were bitten by Cobra, and 35% by Krait and Viper. Lower extremities were the most common sites of the snake bite [69.99%]. Snake bite is one of a significant problem in the study area. We observed the delayed consultation of the victims to the hospital. Further research on successful management of these victims was recommended
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Over the last few years, interaction of humans with noisy power-driven agricultural tools and its possible adverse after effects have been realized. Grass-trimmer engine is the primary source of noise and the use of motorized cutter, spinning at high speed, is the secondary source of noise to which operators are exposed. In the present study, investigation was carried out to determine the effect of two types of grass-trimming machine engines (SUM 328SE and BG 328) noise on the operators in real working environment. It was found that BG-328 and SUM-328SE produced high levels of noise, of the order of 100 and 105 dB(A), respectively, to which operators are exposed while working. It was also observed that situation aggravates when a number of operators simultaneously operate resulting in still higher levels of noise. Operators should be separated 15 meters from each other in order to avoid the combined level of noise exposure while working with these machines. It was found that SPL, of the grass-trimmer machine engines (BG-328 and SUM-328SE), were higher than the limit of noise recommended by ISO, NIOSH, and OSHA for an 8-hour workday. Such a high level of noise exposure may cause physiological and psychological problems to the operators in long run.
ABSTRACT
After loss of natural teeth, provision of prosthodontic services almost becomes necessity in the present day living. To provide effective mastication teeth have peculiar forms. To make it more efficient both functionally and biologically, they are arranged in particular geometric manner referred to as dental arch. The objective of this study was to compare the distance between mesial edge of the maxillary central incisors and posterior border of the incisive papilla in dentate individuals with different arch forms. After sample selection, impressions were made for upper and lower arches and the resultant casts were standardised. Arch forms were assessed by their morphological description. Measurements on cast were recorded for incisive papilla [IP] and maxillary central incisor [CI] distance after securing it on cast surveyor. Ovoid arch form was the most frequently observed arch form both in males [57%] and females [68%] while their combination [Ovoid Square and Ovoid tapered] were the least commonly observed arch forms [4% and 5% each]. Gender seems to be important in about 1/4[th] of the dentate individuals, regarding both the type of the arches and CI-IP distance. Ovoid type of arches was the commonest arch form seen in either sex. There is no significant difference between males and females in 3/4[th] of dentate individuals, regarding the type of dental arch as well as CI-IP distance
ABSTRACT
To describe constitution, capabilities and functioning of Pakistan Hajj Medical Mission [Pak HMM] in comparison with six other medical missions during Hajj-2008. A comparative cross-sectional study. Pak HMM Hospital, Makkah Mukarramah over a period of 06 weeks during Hajj season-2008. Besides Pakistan, six other medical missions were visited and their heads requested to answer a specially designed questionnaire prepared in English. Constitution, capabilities and functioning of Pak HMM was compared with other missions. Data was managed and analyzed using computer programme SPSS-10. Pak HMM was selected 12 weeks, whereas other missions were selected 06-24 weeks [mean=16.33+8.62] prior to Hajj season [p=0.66]. The doctor: hajj ratio at Pak HMM was 1:1650, whereas it was 1:180-1:2188 [mean =1:807.16+708.56] at other missions [p=0.32]. during peak days, average daily out-patient attendance of Pak HMM was 6000, whereas it was 2000-4000 [mean = 2833.33 + 816.49] at other missions [p=0.016]. Six [85.71%] medical missions including Pak HMM had indoor facilities, routine diagnostic facilities and were able to perform minor surgical procedures under local anaesthesia. Number of fully equipped ambulances for critical evacuation of patients in Pak HMM was none whereas in other missions, it ranged from 0 to 16 [mean = 6.33+ 7.45]. Pak HMM is neither selected well in time nor involved in pre-Hajj medical assessment of the intending hujjaj. Although Pak HMM provides health care facilities to Pakistani hujjaj to the best of its capabilities, its indoor facilities, selection and utilization of specialists doctors as well as trained staff and ambulance evacuation of critically sick patients are not adequate
Subject(s)
Humans , Travel , Islam , Cross-Sectional Studies , Delivery of Health CareABSTRACT
To assess the effect of sperm parameters on pregnancy rate following Intrauterine Insemination [IUI] in primary and secondary infertile patients. An observational study. The Assisted Conception Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, from January 2004 to January 2006. One hundred and thirty-six couples, comprising 110 couples with primary and 26 with secondary infertility, of at least one year of infertility, were studied. All underwent a total of 231 intrauterine insemination cycles. A detailed history for infertility evaluation was taken. Hormonal profiles were done on day two of the menstrual cycle. Ovarian stimulation of all patients with Clomiphene citrate was done from day two of the menstrual cycle for 5 days and subsequent transvaginal scans on day twelve, for follicular tracking were done. Semen analysis was done, after 2-3 days abstinence and sperms for intrauterine insemination were prepared according to Density Gradient Sperm Wash Method. IUI was done 36 hours after tracking of the dominant follicles and injection hCG was given for follicular maturation and rupture. The main outcome measures were determining the effect of normal and abnormal sperm parameters on pregnancy outcome, in ovulation induced infertile couples, undergoing intrauterine insemination cycles. Of the 136 couples, who underwent IUI cycles, 18 had male factor infertility and the rest were with normal semen parameters. An IUI pregnancy rate of 13.7% was seen with a total of 4 conceptions. This study confirms that IUI, because of its cost effectiveness and minimum complications, can be applied as a first line treatment in infertile couples after considering the sperm parameters